Sterilization And Aseptic Technique Biology Essay

Sanitization And Aseptic Technique Biology Essay This examination was done to learn appropriate method of utilizing aseptic strategy and sanitization by separating unadulterated culture of bacterial. Thereafter, the bacterial cells in an example and their optical thickness were resolved. Above all else, different sanitization strategies were presented. Disinfection is significant as it were that it guarantees there is definitely no tainting in the dish sets or contraption utilized in the lab. Diverse cleansing techniques are utilized for various materials. One of them is autoclaving. Autoclaving machine utilizes high-compel steam to sanitize and along these lines, heat safe plastics, glass or arrangements can be cleaned via autoclaving. As the temperature of the steam is over 100 oC, the living beings can't endure. Second disinfection technique is radiation. As warmth delicate plastics doesn't have protection from heat, autoclaving can't be utilized and these are regularly disinfected by utilizing radiation, for example, UV, gamma-beam or X-beam. The last strategy is channel cleansing. A few arrangements are heat labile, and to sanitize these sort of arrangements, channel sanitization can be utilized. This method utilizes the way that microorganism is around 5microme ter by 1micrometer, and if the channel has a littler distance across, microorganisms can't go through the filter.(1) To some degree B, aseptic procedure is found out. This strategy forestalls any sort of tainting while at the same time taking care of the dish sets or moving. To be progressively explicit, it forestalls any contaminant to be presented in the zone of intrigue. The initial step of this strategy includes cleaning the lab seat with 70% ethanol, which would murder most microorganisms. At that point, Bunsen burner is turned on, and the development of the air goes upwards. Hence, it limits the opportunity of microorganisms arriving on the media of intrigue. Likewise, quickly warming glass tube mouths and limiting the hour of opening tops limits contamination.(1) Utilizing aseptic strategy, streaking method was utilized to separate single provinces. To do this, an unadulterated culture of the objective microorganism is taken. At that point, with an inocular circle, which is blazed with Bunsen burner until super hot, it chilled off. A while later, take a touch of unadulterated culture with the circle and streak lines in the medium. The streaking lines ought not cross each other to stay away from an excessive amount of weakening. In the wake of streaking, provinces are developed. To check the quantity of cells, suitable cell tally strategy is utilized. Feasible tally is just useable with singles provinces and not bacterial yards. Hence, with the end goal for cell to have single provinces, suitable weakening of the microbes is important. The weakening aides for spreading of the cells on the agar. For this, sequential weakening, which was presented last undertaking can be helpful. At that point, the quantity of practical cells can be gotten by tallying the quantity of settlements that have created duplicated by the individual weakening variable. (2) Material and Methods: All systems are performed by the BIOL 368 lab manual (Concordia Biology Department 2013) with the exception of the accompanying changes: for the pollution part, we utilized shoe, finger, E. coli, and E. coli with 70% ethanol. Results: State confinement by streaking As a matter of first importance, the shade of the microscopic organisms in all the plates are thick beige hued. In streak 1, very little and numerous settlements were watched. The size of the provinces were little, they were round, misty and smooth. There are 123 provinces. Streak 2 shows chain of bacterial development, however the quantity of the states is diminished from streak 1. The quantity of states were 60. They were bigger than the settlements in streak 1, misty, roundabout and smooth too. In streak 3, single states are watched. None of them was enormous, however they were bigger than the provinces from streak 2. They were hazy, round and smooth too. Around 9 provinces were watched. In the fourth streak, no single state was watched. Thus, single states of an unadulterated E. coli strain was effectively separated. Reasonable tally Table 1. Crude information of reasonable tally of my gathering. Weakening 10-4 10-5 10-6 Number of province Such a large number of Such a large number of 252 Reasonable tally (cfu/ml) 2.52 x 109 Test computation: Reasonable tally at 10-6 weakening: Since the plate, - 6, has 252 provinces which is in the scope of 100-300, I picked the plate to compute cfu/ml. 252 x 10/10-6 =2.52 x 102 x 107 =2.52 x 109 cfu/ml Table 2. Crude information for reasonable mean all segment Weakenings Settlement tally Gathering 1 Gathering 2 Gathering 3 Gathering 4 Gathering 5 Gathering 6 Gathering 7 Gathering 8 Gathering 9 Gathering 10 Segment 1 10-4 grass grass grass grass grass grass grass à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ grass grass 10-5 360 grass 1848 grass 1028 2168 696 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 3040 1646 10-6 78 287 441 270 234 347 363 à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ 300 306 Segment 2 10-4 920 >300 Grass Grass Grass >300 >300 Grass Grass Grass 10-5 249 >300 590 >300 Grass >300 >300 406 >300 189 10-6 23 231 189 269 384 222 265 154 180 108 Segment 3 10-4 such a large number of >1000 such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of 10-5 such a large number of >1000 such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of such a large number of 544 such a large number of 10-6 194 420 258 252 295 217 240 197 79 224 Table 3. Reasonable mean all area information (for 10-6 weakening) Area Gathering Number of provinces Cfu/ml 01 1 78 7.8.E+08 2 287 2.87.E+09 3 441 4.41 E+09 4 270 2.70 E+09 5 234 2.34.E+09 6 347 3.47E+09 7 363 3.63E+09 8 9 300 3.00E+09 10 306 3.06E+09 Max 441 4.41E+09 Min 78 7.8 E+08 Normal 291.8 2.92 E+09 Standard Dev. 94.40 2.67E+08 02 1 23 2.3.E+08 2 231 2.31.E+09 3 189 1.89.E+09 4 269 2.69.E+09 5 384 3.84.E+09 6 222 2.22.E+09 7 265 2.65.E+09 8 154 1.54.E+09 9 180 1.80.E+09 10 108 1.08.E+09 Max 384 3.84.E+09 Min 23 2.3.E+08 Normal 202.5 2.02.E+09 Standard dev. 93.09 9.31E+08 03 1 194 1.94.E+09 2 420 4.20.E+09 3 258 2.58.E+09 4 252 2.52.E+09 5 295 2.95.E+09 6 217 2.17.E+09 7 240 2.40.E+09 8 197 1.97.E+09 9 79 7.9.E+08 10 224 2.24.E+09 Max 420 4.20.E+09 Min 79 7.9.E+08 Normal 237.6 2.38.E+09 Standard Dev. 81.55 8.16.E+08 Max 441 4.41.E+09 Min 23 2.3.E+08 Normal 242.3 2.42.E+09 Standard Deviation 96.75 1.15E+09 Test estimation for STD DEV. (area 1):= 94.40 Bacterial cell tally by optical thickness Table 4. Cell thickness for My Group: OD600 of weakened societies (Au) E. Coli Count of weakened Culture (cells/ml) Unique Culture (cells/ml) Me 0.427 2.18108 2.18109 Accomplice 0.436 2.14108 2.14109 E. Coli Count of weakened Culture: 0.202 x (5x 108) = 1.01108 Unique Culture: 1.01108 x 10 = 1.01109 Table 5. Crude OD600 values for all segments (unit: Au) Gathering Segment (1) Segment 1 (2) Segment 2 (1) Segment 2(2) Segment 3(1) Segment 3 (2) 1 0.389 0.383 0.359 0.371 0.358 0.365 2 0.368 0.369 0.247 0.447 0.345 0.408 3 0.364 0.343 0.344 0.360 0.323 0.335 4 0.374 0.374 0.390 0.338 0.427 0.436 5 0.415 0.430 0.386 0.368 0.320 0.247 6 0.359 0.357 0.302 0.350 0.379 0.352 7 0.347 0.372 0.354 0.369 0.391 0.364 8 0.362 0.361 0.358 0.328 9 0.370 0.35 1.018 0.350 0.341 10 0.737 0.367 0.368 0.353 0.413 0.322 (>1.96 in this way anomaly) Table 6. Weakened Cell Density for all segments (unit: cells/ml) Gathering Segment (1) Segment 1 (2) Segment 2 (1) Segment 2(2) Segment 3(1) Segment 3 (2) 1 1.95E+08 1.92E+08 1.80E+08 1.51E+08 1.79E+08 1.90E+08 2 1.84E+08 1.85E+08 1.86E+08 1.75E+08 1.83E+08 1.76E+08 3 1.82E+08 1.72E+08 1.24E+08 1.77E+08 1.73E+08 1.96E+08 4 1.87E+08 1.87E+08 2.24E+08 1.85E+08 2.04E+08 1.82E+08 5 2.08E+08 2.15E+08 1.72E+08 1.81E+08 1.62E+08 1.79E+08 6 1.80E+08 1.79E+08 1.80E+08 1.81E+08 1.68E+08 1.64E+08 7 1.74E+08 1.86E+08 1.95E+08 1.75E+08 2.14E+08 1.75E+08 8 1.69E+08 5.09E+08 2.18E+08 1.71E+08 9 1.85E+08 1.93E+08 1.84E+08 1.60E+08 2.07E+08 10 1.87E+08 1.84E+08 1.84E+08 1.77E+08 1.24E+08 1.61E+08 Normal 1.87E+08 1.95E+08 1.79E+08 Min 1.72E+08 1.24E+08 1.24E+08 Max 2.15E+08 5.09E+08 2.18E+08 Standard Deviation 1.05E+07 7.43E+07 2.13E+07 Test figuring: Segment 1 group1 understudy 1: Cell Density = 0.389 x (5x 10^8) = 1.95 x107 Segment 1 Average: Normal = ((1.95+1.84+1.82+1.87+2.08+1.80+1.74+1.85+1.87+1.92+1.85+1.72+1.87+2.15+1.79+1.86+1.84) x 108)/17 = 1.87 x108 Table 7. Weakened Cell Density for all segments, class investigation Class (cells/ml) Normal 1.87E+08 Least 1.24E+08 Most extreme 5.09E+08 Standard Deviation 4.66E+07 Part III. The omnipresence of microorganisms Table 8. The pervasiveness of microorganisms Spot Perception on TSA plate Perception on Malt Shoe Unpredictable orange, red, beige misty Some are huge, some are little Some are smooth some are broken 10colonies None Grimy finger White and yellow every single little province (4) misty None E.coli Barely any round, smooth, level, beige provinces (yard) None E.coli with 70% ethanol None None Conversation: The goal of the analysis is to learn aseptic strategy, sanitization, and streaking. Section An included disconnecting single states by streaking, part B included practical cell tally, part C included bacterial cell check by optical thickness and ultimately part D included pervasiveness of microorganisms. To a limited extent An, an unadulterated E. Coli test was utilized to frame single states by streaking. Four streaks were done in various pieces of the plate. As depicted in the outcomes, first streak brings about framing littlest and extremely jam-packed provinces (123 states). The space between the provinces were either little or even contiguous one another. The second streak shapes a bigger and less swarmed or less populace of provinces (60 states). States were seen as further separated from streak 1, however they were nearby different settlements, so single provinces were not obser

Alls Well That Ends Well monologue from the play by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Alls Well That Ends Well monolog from the play by William Shakespeare Essay A monolog from the play by William Shakespeare HELENA: I admit Here on my knee before high paradise and you, That before you, and next unto high paradise, I love your child. My companions were poor however legit; sos my affection. Be not annoyed, for it harms not him That he is adored of me. I tail him not By any token of pompous suit, Nor would I have him till I do merit him; However never know how that desert ought to be. I realize I love futile, endeavor against trust; However in this harping and intensible sifter I despite everything pour in the waters of my affection Also, need not to lose still. In this manner, Indian-like, Strict in mine mistake, I revere The sun that views his admirer Yet, is aware of him no more. My dearest madam, Let not your despise experience with my affection, For cherishing where you do; however on the off chance that yourself, Whose matured respect refers to an ethical youth, Did ever in so obvious a fire of preferring, Wish purely and love beyond a reasonable doubt, that your Dian Was both herself and Love, O, at that point give feel sorry for To her whose state is with the end goal that can't pick Be that as it may, loan and give where she makes certain to lose; That looks for not to find that her pursuit suggests, Be that as it may, question like, lives pleasantly where she bites the dust.

The Roaring Twenties free essay sample

A significant number of these thoughts had a verifiable effect. Everywhere throughout the United States individuals had the best quality of living on the planet during this timespan. The 1920’s was the decade to live in. Indeed the 1920’s were such a wonder, that they got the epithet of the â€Å"Roaring 20’s†. The Roaring 20’s brought new developments and numerous mechanical advancements that made this decade a chance to live in. The initial step Americans took was the move from coal to power. There was large scale manufacturing everywhere throughout the country with higher wages and more representative advantages. Individuals were presently moving from the nation into the urban communities to pick up work openings with all the new organizations opening up selling fresh out of the plastic new thoughts that individuals had never observed. Electronic apparatuses were selling like new bread. From irons to toasters to fridges, for once it wasn’t men proceeding to choose machines for home yet it was the ladies who had this duty. These new items made life for housewives such a great amount of simpler by decreasing clothing work, food readiness and cleaning. Ladies were racing to the stores to purchase these new electronic machines. Allowed a considerable lot of these apparatuses had just been concocted however it was in the 1920’s when they were improved and more individuals really had the financial plan to buy them. Ernst Alexanderson then presented the radio and it was a gigantic effect on society. Individuals could now be educated regarding things occurring around America. The business exploited this by showcasing and selling their items by utilizing convincing words and pulling in the consideration of their clients. The radio additionally transmitted numerous significant occasions in America from sport occasions to recorded occasions. The radio was an immense hit among the individuals yet it was no contender for what was coming straightaway. Henry Ford propelled a development that was progressive to the point that made Americans insane, truly. The burning vehicle was made and that as well as it was selling at a reasonable cost everywhere throughout the United States. The principal ease vehicles ever were made no different so there was no real way to separate the various classes. Later GM engines thought of the plan to make diverse kind of burning cars and sell them at various costs. This was an immense sensation and individuals could now get from direct A toward point B amazingly quicker at a lower cost not at all like the earlier years. Just because more Americans could venture to every part of the nation and investigate places that the vast majority of them had never observed. This was only a glimpse of something larger as in came more changes in America during the Roaring 20’s. World War I had recently finished and there was a feeling of harmony and opportunity among Americans. During this time there were various of developments and new political standards. The best of them could have been the nineteenth amendment which gave ladies the option to cast a ballot. Ladies were currently politically equivalent to men and it was clamorous. Hoping for the best, ladies additionally made the Equal Rights Movement which focused laws the supported just men. This was the beginning of the â€Å"new women†. Ladies presently had various objectives and desire. With another job, more ladies started to want fruitful vocations of their own as well as families. With all the new open doors ladies despite everything appeared to lean toward the housewife employment and discover a spouse they could rely upon. Additionally the twentieth century presented the lowest pay permitted by law and furthermore constrained numerous businesses and plants to abbreviate their work days. Plants created work all the more rapidly and all the more proficiently because of the motivating forces and rewards that were presently given to laborers. Numerous employments were currently accessible for a wide range of classes. Government at that point did a dangerous move which was the preclusion of liquor. Now there was a solid interest for liquor and the legislature had now made it unlawful. Numerous Americans despite everything figured out how to acquire this by going to unlawful concealed bars or bars and expending liquor. At the point when individuals are denied something they truly want they will figure out how to get it and ordinarily it will be cryptic and at a more significant expense. Individuals expected to celebrate and drink up and that’s precisely what they did. It was a period of euphoria and party and nobody not even the legislature was going to remove that from them. It additionally helped that during this disallowance period the selling of liquor was unlawful yet there were no laws forbidding its utilization. In the administration they had their own sort of new time. Three preservationist presidents from the Republican Party were chosen into office during this age. Warren G Harding who was chosen in 1921, Calvin Coolidge chose in 1923 and finishing with Herbert Hoover in 1929 all remained imperfect however with one shared objective, to support business and industry to work with the most extreme effectiveness and efficiency as could be expected under the circumstances. This most certainly helped the economy and opened many openings for work in America. The Roaring 20’s was a time of show time and diversion. Individuals had new exercises that got them engaged and needing to leave their home or get a break from work. During this time Jazz Age was conceived in New Orleans by African Americans. Jazz before long turned into the most mainstream music everywhere throughout the United States. Jazz was quick, noisy and a frenzy much like the Roaring 20’s. Jazz groups immediately climbed north some to Chicago and others to New York and played in many move clubs or had their own shows in theaters. Jazz was for the most part affected by the restriction of liquor. Before long records were being created and each music chief needed to take a few to get back some composure of these Jazz groups that were causing disorder all over Chicago and New York. With jazz came numerous new things, for example, moves. Jazz made the renowned Charleston and the Black Bottom. Individuals wherever had this new vitality each time they tuned in to this new solid and before long were moving everywhere. It was a gathering wherever one of these African American groups played. Move clubs turned out to be very well known as of now. Move clubs across America would have move rivalries and numerous special and at no other time seen steps were made. Alongside the new moves in came the Flappers. These Flappers were ladies of the new time who drank, smoked, discussed sex and moved. The Flappers were a diversion and not just for men. They moved and carried on this thought of changing past jobs or perspectives on ladies. Their clothing was what stood out the most, wearing short skirts, bounced hair style and quill like garments. These ladies didn’t care about anyone's opinion of them, they were experiencing their lives without any second thoughts. As though the Jazz time wasn’t energizing enough Hollywood before long became possibly the most important factor. Motion pictures became America’s most loved movement in the 1920’s. The film business had a gigantic development topping off cinemas to the greatest limit. These inventive films depended on the new period and individuals were excited about that. The new film age gave a fantasy world to the crowds. The motion pictures currently had good examples for youngsters and ladies. Individuals needed to act like the entertainers they were seeing on the big screen. Another extraordinary wellspring of diversion that truly became celebrated was sports. The Roaring twenties was without a doubt the breakout decade for sports in America. This got known as the â€Å"Golden Age of Sports†. Everywhere throughout the states Americans advanced toward arenas and fields to watch the highest point of the world competitors perform. Among top entertainers in the twentieth century the name Babe Ruth with the 1927 Yankees is the first to ring a bell. No player had, or has so far as that is concerned, at any point played the game of baseball like this man did. Darling Ruth was an energizing player to watch play and improved the manner in which the game was played. His group during this time is supposed to be the best group ever. Another name that flies into my head is Red Grange the â€Å"Galloping Ghost†. Red Grange was an astonishing football player in the school alliance with the University of Illinois who had extraordinary abilities on the field. After school he marked with the Chicago Bears and turned into the most generously compensated football player in the NFL. This was the first run through the NFL establishment had seen unimaginable potential and abilities in a single player. Notwithstanding staggering game figures, in the Olympic rounds of Paris 1924, numerous American competitors would proceed to break records by an astounding contrast and would bring the gold back home. Society in the 1920’s had an extremely liberal point of view towards life. Individuals were deserting old and conventional and adjusting to the new period. Americans needed to get insubordinate and feel free. A considerable lot of the individuals in this decade gazed toward models in magazine and purposeful publicity. Americans were pulled in to the media and showcasing was in a manner indoctrinating them. During this time acknowledgment was turning into a piece more clear. Acknowledgment to homosexuality was getting progressively normal and furthermore that of minor race bunches in America. Society was in amazement of all the new advances both innovative and in culture. Everything appeared to be so natural for them and for reasons unknown during a period where most Americans had the cash to do as they wish. Everything was acceptable, perhaps unrealistic. As everything reach a conclusion, in October 29, 1929 one of the most noticeably awful disasters in America and even the world happened. The Wall Street Crash came into place. This day the stock costs on Wall Street fallen bringing about an overall sadness that would later be known as the Great Depression. This accident on Wall Street would put a large number of individuals jobless over the globe. In 1933 the 21st amendment would sanction liquor with an end goal to stop the downturn. Satisfaction has its cost and the individuals of the 1930’s unfourtanely incurred significant damage for it. In any case, the Roaring Twenties was a period of energy and experience. One can think back and I

oTHELLO :: essays research papers

Othello Essay In Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, the job of ladies is profoundly underscored; the critical characters of the play Othello, Iago, and Casio, each have a woman that remains behind him. These ladies each have responsibility to stay unwavering and regard their significant other's needs, particularly Desdemona and Emilia. Desdemona is the casualty of this play; Shakespeare depicts her as the unwavering spouse even up to her demise. All through the story, Desdemona seems to live for her significant other. Desdemona's one objective in life is to satisfy her better half. Emilia speaks to another part of female quality, less legitimate character, which depends on her feeling of nature. She comprehends her job as a spouse (demonstration 4, scene 3) Emilia is conversing with Desdemona about husbands. " Yet we have some vengeance. Tell spouses Their wives have sense like them. They see, and smell, and have their palates both for prepared, As spouses have. What is it they do When they change us for other people? Is it sport? I think it is. Also, doth friendship breed it? I think it doth. Is't fraility that subsequently fails? It is so as well. Furthermore, have not we expressions of love, Desires for game, and delicacy, as men have?"(page 217 line 104-113). Emilia and her better half Iago have unexpected connection in comparison to Desdemona and Othello. Desdemona and Othello really love one another, while Emilia, having no good judgment of contempt towards Othello, has never really adored Iago. She teach Desdemona, she is oblivious of I ago's shrewd nature and is likewise clueless of his plot against Othello. Bianca seems to have a unimportant job in the play, yet she as a significant job in the demise of Desdemona. Bianca’s relationship with Cassio, appears as if Bianca truly needed to have a relationship with him, (scene 3, act 4).

Free Essays on American Revolutions Compared

Upheavals Compared The occasions somewhere in the range of 1776 and 1828 were an amazingly dynamic time for the Americas. During those years almost the entirety of the settlements looked for freedom from their supreme experts. The inquiry is the reason did a portion of these upsets admission superior to other people? What elements made one nation succeed where another had fizzled? What occasions caused or instigated the insurgencies? Anthony McFarlane depicts this in detail in his article â€Å"Independence and Revolution in the Americas.† He clarifies about what impacts race, governmental issues, and area had on the creating settlements and their separate unrests. What were the contrasts among Latin and British America, and for what reason was the subsequent government in Washington more steady than its partners in Latin America? The different unrests that occurred during the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century took various structures, and by investigating those distinctions and likeness es we can more readily comprehend the subsequent countries. The main thing to see when contrasting the diverse pilgrim states is with see what structure colonization took in a different region. What sorts of pilgrim governments were framed? The primary factor in early colonization I accept was riches. The Spanish discovered gold and silver in Mexico and the Andes, the French and Portuguese discovered sugar, and the English discovered soil, earth and threatening Indians. The whole thought of setting up settlements was to abuse wealth for the homeland or Metropolis as McFarlane calls it. The way that Spain and the other mainland European nations found that riches drove them to set up severe and battle ready pilgrim governments so as to secure that progression of riches. The English didn’t discover the riches they were looking for in the new world and their North American settlements were not exceptionally engaging anybody. So the English had an extremely remiss view about their American states. They permitted the pilgrims to oversee them selves for th... Free Essays on American Revolutions Compared Free Essays on American Revolutions Compared Upsets Compared The occasions somewhere in the range of 1776 and 1828 were an incredibly dynamic time for the Americas. During those years almost the entirety of the settlements looked for freedom from their majestic bosses. The inquiry is the reason did a portion of these upheavals passage superior to other people? What variables made one nation succeed where another had fizzled? What occasions caused or affected the upheavals? Anthony McFarlane portrays this in detail in his article â€Å"Independence and Revolution in the Americas.† He clarifies about what impacts race, legislative issues, and area had on the creating states and their individual unrests. What were the contrasts among Latin and British America, and for what reason was the subsequent government in Washington more steady than its partners in Latin America? The different upheavals that occurred during the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century took a wide range of structures, and by investigating those distinctions and lik enesses we can all the more likely comprehend the subsequent countries. The main thing to see when contrasting the distinctive provincial states is with see what structure colonization took in a different territory. What sorts of pilgrim governments were shaped? The fundamental factor in early colonization I accept was riches. The Spanish discovered gold and silver in Mexico and the Andes, the French and Portuguese discovered sugar, and the English discovered soil, earth and threatening Indians. The whole thought of building up provinces was to misuse wealth for the motherland or Metropolis as McFarlane calls it. The way that Spain and the other mainland European nations found that riches drove them to set up exacting and battle ready provincial governments so as to secure that progression of riches. The English didn’t discover the riches they were looking for in the new world and their North American settlements were not engaging anybody. So the English had a careless view about their American states. They permitted the pilgrims to oversee themse lves for th...

Cultural Diversity Example

Cultural Diversity Example Cultural Diversity â€" Essay Example > Cultural DiversityOrder No. 357756No. of pages: 6Writer: 653“The human spirit is stronger than anything that happens to it” -C. C . ScottLife is one long journey filled with incidents and events, some of which are good and some not so good. In dealing with our tryst with life we’re often called upon to make some very difficult choices. These choices are not too easy to make and hence challenge us both physically and mentally and leave us emotionally crushed for the rest of our lives. One of the most difficult of these choices that challenge us is coming to terms with illness and bereavement especially in the case of our near and dear loved ones. Most people believe that God our Father is the ultimate source of greatness and value wherein they are accountable only to God for all their actions. On the other hand, others believe that the human conscience is the chief source of values and therefore we are only accountable to our conscience. It is very important to understand tha t there are a lot of energy and psychic forces that influences the past and present in our lives and if we become aware of this, we can not only manage to lead a peaceful and harmonious life, but also pass on the same peace and harmony to all who come in contact with us each day. This is essentially important especially when dealing with sick people in the hospital because people in the medical fraternity have to be very patient, understanding and empathetic why dealing with patients with varied illnesses, different moods and in different circumstances. Therefore, ‘Divine or Spiritual’ interventions are indispensable tools that are used in helping patients to regain their health and live a better quality of life. In this paper, we’re going to critically examine the meaning and role of spirituality and religion in the lives people who are ill and find out best ways that these beliefs could be incorporated into the nursing care plan. Spirituality is defined as being opposed to anything that is material in nature. Anything that relates and affects the human spirit is what is known as spirituality and does not depend on physical or material comforts. Every person is spiritual and is surrounded by spirituality in many different ways, but unfortunately people are trapped by a material world and are not aware of it. . According to Brown A. Brown E (1996) ‘spirituality involves the essence of what it means to be humane which includes self-understanding and self-worth, creativity, emotional responses, a personal quest for meaning and a purpose in the formation of relationships. (pg. 4) www. qca. org. uk/libraryAssets/media/6149_re_spiritual_and_moral_develop. pdf25/03/09In patient care, spirituality and religion can play a major role in bringing back good health and cheer into the lives of clients. There is no doubt that it is medicine that cures a sick body, but it is spirituality that helps to cure a person mentally and emotionally. Since the world is ma de up of diverse cultures, spirituality becomes a very broadly based phenomenon because one has to deal with people from various walks of life and from different ethical and social backgrounds. This is by no means an easy task because every individual is unique and have their own thoughts and ideas which may come into conflict from time to time. Therefore, such a scenario requires immense understanding, care and patience on the part of the care-giver.

The Efficiency Oriented People - Free Essay Example

This proposal presents my research on the above topic. We will look into how HR managers can optimize a organization and also the turnover rate of the employment in the airline is generally high for cabin crews and staff retention is always a issue that arise in many companies in different nature of business and sometimes it is not only the wages that created such problem. Basically, I have structured the proposal into three different sections, for easier understanding and be organised. Firstly, in the Literature Review section, it will explain on the theory of optimization of the organisation and staff retention, which includes memorable quotation, diagrams and striking examples. Secondly, in the Research methodology section, it will focus on type and nature of the research, description study, the choice of research instrument and the research limitations will be included. Thirdly, in the Presentation and Discussion section, it will analyse the data that is gathered earlier and present my analysis result by showing the relationship with observed facts and also the key problems that Singapore airline faces. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW It presents a summary of the academic literature on my chosen topic and serves to inform my research. It also develops my knowledge of chosen topic and helps me understand the organisation and topic better. 2.1 Optimization Premji (2006) define Optimization As the utilizing of organization resources well, at high efficiency and enables the organization to achieve the desired end results. This can be define as achieving or getting the full use of utilization efficiency and the effectiveness. (Premji, 2006) Above is the diagram which shows the relationship of the efficiency, utilization and effectiveness as mention earlier. From the diagram, we can understand that the change of any one of the factor the other factor may be changes as well. This means that for us to understand the performance of the organisation , we must have views in different aspects as all the factors are linked. For example, if utilization is very low, then both efficiency and effectiveness will not achieve any results therefore there will be no benefits that can be obtained from it. Very often, if the organization goals for the result is being achieved, it will tend to overlook the importance of the other factors. Organiza tion should not overlook the factors so as to better prepare themselves to achieve the future results. 2.1 Efficiency According to Premji (2006), Efficiency is defined as how well are you using what you are using. It is also known as the ratio of output and input. (Premji, 2006) This diagram shows the process of the input which resulted in output at the end of it. Usually in an organization, employee can be classified into three main groups: Output oriented people Input oriented people Efficiency oriented people 2.1.1 Output Oriented People Output oriented people are people who try all ways or anything that allows them to get the end results that they desired. These people try to get the most out of the output and using any ways they can to the input and process. It is necessary to understand that the output is actually different from the end results. Therefore, with maximize output does not necessary achieve good results. Generally the output oriented people will use more than what the cost should be to obtain a good result, however they will not notice it. As HR manager, he/she have to ensure that the organisation resources are fully utilized and should try not to employ output oriented people or creating such people in the organization. 2.1.2 Input Oriented People Input oriented people are known as workaholics. They generally focus on the input and the efforts, they believe by creating more input it will lead to a good output. Success to them are enjoying their work and work as hard as they could to achieve the desire output. As HR manager, he / she should recruit a fair percentage of these people, as they are able to perform the instructions given to them due to their working attitude. 2.1.2 Efficiency Oriented People Efficiency oriented people are people who believe in a return after the investment. Generally, they focus in make full use of the efficiency either to obtain a high output for a certain amount of input given or less to achieve a equivalent of output. As HR manager, who ensures that organization resources are being utilized, should try to hire and groom a larger percentage of efficiency-oriented employee in the organization. With the combination of input-oriented and efficiency oriented people, the organization performance is achievable. 2.2 Utilization Premji (2006) will define Utilization as the measure of how much are you using out of what you have. This means that one should put in whatever you have and not to miss out any opportunities. Utilization and Efficiency are closely linked and aid each other. For example in a case whereby there is a need for a reduction of input, and due to the increased in effieciency, the extra input can be used in somewhere else, due to utilization. The relationship between Utilization and Efficiency can affect an organisation performance. If organisations focus on Efficiency orientation without utilization focus, it will lead to apply efforts that give good returns. On the other hand, if organisations maintain Utilization focus without Efficiency orientation, will lead to using all available resources, without achieving adequate returns. 2.3 Effectiveness An organizations capability to achieve the wanted end result is known as Effectiveness. This may be related to profits, expansion, customer satisfaction, branding and many more. In an organisation, teams often set a results as their goals. (Premji, 2006) From the above diagram, visualizing the three factors that work on different purposes: Utilization deal with resources and efforts Efficiency concerned with quantity and quality output Effectiveness is all about desired results Utilization and Efficiency are the internal aspects of an organization, Effectiveness brings in the customers view and gives an external aspect to the Optimization. Effectiveness is related to the what the organization wants to achieve. For example, if organizations aspirations are low, end results can be easily be achieved, therefore effectiveness can be high. Premji (2006:9) mention that Effectiveness in an organization is all about knitting together the individual components with the strategy to achieve the end result. But there are two important criteria to be considered: Individual components must be good. Components must be knitted well together. The diagram below will show a better idea of knitting together: (Premji, 2006) Coverage of Effectiveness Efficiency UtilizationWith higher effectiveness, it does not only helps to achieve the expected results but also reduce the required output from carious processes, to achieve the same expected end results. On another hand, Hayes (2010) view effectiveness from a different aspect, he defined it as: Purpose: Profits are usually used to measure the organization effectiveness but not to all the organisation. For instance the government hospital, the effectiveness of hospitals will be on the waiting time and services provided and not the profits out of it. Hence, as manger, is required to identify the main performance indicators that reflect the purpose of the organization. Stakeholder pers pective: Different stakeholder uses different indicators to judge an organizations effectiveness. From their point of views, profits may be their main concern or rather the most important factor, but from the wider community of view, such as customer, employee and supplier, they are affected by products and services produced. Every individual have different views. The failure to manage the organization key stakeholders perception, it may threaten the organization . Level of assessment: By only focusing on the overall performance may resulted in inefficiencies being detected. Effectiveness can be assessed at different levels, such as the organization level, department level and individual. Alignment: Assessment of effectiveness need to be associated across the organization. At this point, it will be good to differentiate between effectiveness and efficiency, for better understanding all the factors, Carnall (2003) defines efficiency as achieving stated goals within given res ources constraints. And the definition of effectiveness includes the good use of resources to achieve goals but also the need to adapt to changing in order to remain efficiency . 2.4 Optimized Organization Peter F. Drucker (1993) defines business as: Business is a process which converts a resource, distinct knowledge into a contribution of economic value in the market place. As mention earlier on, Optimization is high Utilization, high Efficiency and high Effectiveness. The table below shows the nine possible combinations of Utilization, Efficiency and Effectiveness on a two point of scale high and low: Utilization Efficiency Effectiveness Conclusion Low Low Low Something fundamentally wrong. Low Low High Organization not ambitious enough Low High Low Resources idling Low High High Excess capacity High Low Low Lot of wastage High Low High Can reduce resources High High Low Weak knitting together High High High Optimized Organization (Premji, 2006) In conclusion of the table, it is insufficient to just work on one factor and the factors were not handle properly, it may lead to a reduction of optimization. All three factors should be maximises as a practice rather than as a reaction to a problem. 2.5 Staff retention Jennifer A Carsen (2005) defines retention as how many of your current employees stick around over a given period of time. However, retention may not always be a good thing for the organization this is so as retention may include poor performers, unhappy staff who may have been stuck in the job due to finances. Retention is all about retaining the good staff in the organisation. Retention may also weeding out of poor performers and keeping space for the better ones. 2.6 Workplace diversity Jennifer A Carsen (2005) , As the workforce continues to diversify, organisation must take equal employment opportunity so as to stay competitive. Organisation should not only employ staff of different race, culture, gender, age, sex but also to understand the ways that they can respect the staff values, expectations and capabilities. According to Jennifer A Carsen (2005) there are five reasons why the staff choose to leave the organisation: Staff are given no compelling reasons to stay : They do not feel a sense of belonging towards the organisation that they are in. Career limiting stereotypes : Some staff may feel that they are incompetent or not qualified , they feel the pressure of proving their competencies even when they have good performance in their job scope this therefore limit their career path as whatever they do do not seem to be the best to the organisation and they feel that it is hard for them to move forward. Poor supervision : Many superiors do not know how to handle their staff. The way superiors handle staff and solving problems do have a great impact to the staff too. For instance, if the staff felt that the superiors did not handle the problems fairly they may then choose to quit their job. Unclear and misaligned career path : Staff is unclear or unsure about their career path and when they do not know who in the organisation owns the career planning process. Safe assignments, unclear goals: Staff were not given with challenging projects. They are also concern about the unclear or shifting jobs performance criteria. 2.6 Instilling diversity principles In order to achieve staff retention, the organisation should implement the principles provided by Jennifer A Carsen (2005). Obtain commitment at the top : This is to achieve responsibility to all the levels especially the management so as to bring the implementation a success. Hold management accountable: Performance reviews and incentives award should be done by the management. Managers should treat all staff with respect and dignity. Reward those who embody the workforce diversity principles : Do not reward those who have failed to carry out the principles. Reward should be done fairly. Encourage employee participation : With the management alone to carry out the principles is not enough. Organisation should also encourage their staff to voice out and also allow them to play a part in implementing the principles. 3.0 Research Methodology A questionnaire (See appendix 1) is conducted for data collection. It involved around 100 cabin crews therefore the total collections of the questionnaire were 100 copies. Generally the questionnaires were conducted through a number of ways. Firstly, the questionnaires are distributed out through email or hard-copy to the cabin crews with the help of a friend who is also a cabin crew of SIA. Secondly, carrying out observation on the daily activities taking place in the airport whereby the cabin crews are always around there, and with a small discussion group (3-5 people). Lastly, arranging a short interview session with the various seniority of crews, these enhance the value of information that I have gathered as important information such as organizations optimization, retention and the ways these crews work. 3.1 Description Study Description Study act as a guide to the researchers in obtaining the data during the data collection : Contacting friend who for help, a covering letter with a summary of the study aim with a request of the interviewee requirement was send out via email. Getting the interviewee detail with a follow up phone call in which the researchers should explain the aim with more information and answer to any queries. Prepared for the Questionnaire and start sending it out through via email or hard-copy to all the interviewees who has responded . A letter of appreciation was send out to all the interviewees and follow up with the due date indicated. Do a follow up action by contacting all the interviewees if it is necessary for more enquires. For instance, a incomplete questionnaire. Sending questionnaire one more time to the interviewee who have yet to respond. Researcher shall make use of both personal and friendship circles when looking for participants who are either working at HR departments or those who have recruiting experience. The researcher would have to speak to the HR department , any of the representatives to see whether if they would like to participate or interested in the project as mentioned to them. With the contact details provided by the personal or friendship circles, the researcher may email or sent to the respondent to form a small group to observe the daily routine of their work or operation. With addition, a interview session will also be conducted with selected interviewees, mainly with people of different seniority, to enhance the value of the information which had been gathered through the questionnaire and the discussion group. The interview session is conducted based on 4 level of cabin crews within SIA, from flight stewardess, leading stewardess, chief stewardess and in-flight supervisor. In conclusion, the research sample includes 4 representatives from the cabin crew line.To maintain anonymity, personal details of t he interviewees have not been mentioned. 3.2 Research Rational Questionnaire (See Appendix 1) was being selected for my research because it is very cost saving and efficient as compare to other approach of the data gathering. And also this approach allows the interviewees to complete the questionnaire during their free time and they may feel more comfortable to give the answer of what they really felt as this questionnaire is anonymity. Interviewees are required to complete a self administered questionnaire, with 75% questions based on a 5 point scale is used to measure the variables. The constructs are measured based on the multi-items scales (MIS) rather than single item scales (SIS), as MIS allows the answer to be more specific to be averaged out when combined. According to Anderson and Narus (1990), to increase the response ratethe questionnaire should be send out twice. The interviewees will be given a due date of two wweks after the questionnaire had been send out. If no response was done after one week questionnaire will be send out for the second time. 3.3 Research Limitation The limitation of using questionnaire is expected as follows: Slow- Feedback: the interviewees do not respond or submit the questionnaire before the due date. Generally, take a longer time. Below Expected Result: Send out to 100 cabin crews, expected to receive 90% 100% but only received 50% responses. Incomplete Questionnaire Form Gathered: Some of the questionnaire is not completed especially under personal particular section and Question 4, about 40 % of the respondents leave it blank or place NIL Difficulty in Gathering Questionnaire result: Gathering of the results may be hard as the questionnaire are either send back via email or manually therefore a manual entry is require to sort or gather the data obtain. 4.0 Presentation and Discussion In this section, I will look into the optimization and also staff retention as mention in the previous sections. Both optimization and staff retention plays a important role to bring in the success of the organisation. William Bridges (1995) stated that There is no generally agreed-upon way to inventory an organizations culture nor is there any shortage of theorists and consultancies that have developed ways of mapping key elements from many different perspectives The data which had been collected can assist the managers understand the certain barriers and how to improve in the organisation. 4.1 Analysing Singapore Airline (SIA) Very often due to the complexity of the organization, most of the organization tends to forget about the importance of optimizing and staff retention. According to the report of my questionnaire, only about 30 percent of respondents indicated that they pay attention of optimizing and the staff retention as a ongoing basis. Majority of the respondents feels that the organisation only look into ways of optimizing and retain staff in the case when crisis happen. The questionnaire also shows that respondents view of staff retention as a general managerial tool (60 percent), for targeting major change initiatives (20 percent), as development opportunity (10 percent) and for building organizational strength (10 percent). Most importantly, optimizing a organisation and staff retention allows managers to gain knowledge into how employees view the organization to how they like the organisations. Another reason why many organizations tend not to pay attention is that the organisation may not have a idea or knowledge of it. In the questionnaire, respondents were split over the question of managements response of staff retention issue. With a result of majority (55 percent) felt that senior management tend to take changing issue seriously and the rest of the respondent (45 percent) state the reverse Managers may fear of changes is because they are worried that with changes the staff may raise a higher expectations and this may lead to work difference. Lastly, optimizing and staff retention is very important as it is the key to success or the organisation. 4.2 Assessing Singapore Airline ( SIA) alignment One of the key objective of optimizing and culture change is to test the degree of alignment. For instance if the organisation is not contributing to to high performance practices then there is a need for change to allow a closer alignment. In general , alignment is usually difficult to achieve and the closing up of the alignment gap may become a problem towards high performance. The common obstacles to high performance evident in my questionnaire finding include: Lack of Share Values: The strategy is not clear and even when a strategy is set it is not being practised, unsuitable management pattern and the lack of openness to take in new changes. Lack of Leadership: Did not take the need of the staff seriously , stopping the politics and conflict and did not address on the issue of workload. Lack of Mentorship: Do not have time to coach and develop the staff, shortage of skills, heavy workloads and high stress. Inappropriate Systems: The rewards given is inappropriat e, the meetings are poorly run and it beats the purpose of having one. 4.3 Assessing Singapore Airline (SIA) performance In order to achieve high performance it involves the Achieving high performance involves in a connection between employee and the organization. As we all know, employee wants to feel that they are being valued by the organisation by their good performance and to be fairly accessed. Managers can play a role by influencing on every individual performance by giving the need and support to assist the staff to do a good job, especially those with experienced. 4.3.1 Level of Accountability Generally, the common problem that SIA face is when the the staff do not have a clear idea whether the work had been done to avoid overlapping. This in return cause a double work. To ensure a correct level of accountability the staff will require to have a correct information to allow them to know what is being required. To ensure the increase of accountability of SIA, it will require looking into: Job explanation Clarify everyday jobs Manage Performance Use progress reviews. Impose sanctions if necessary 4.3.2 Rewards System It is very important in conveying the organizational values: Performance benchmark Performance expectations Rewards have two organizational objectives: To recognise past performance To motivate people to perform The most important factor is that the staff have to feel that the reward is being carried out fairly. Reasonable salary is the most basic to create a trust, as each individual do not want to feel that they are actually being underpaid. 5.0 Conclusion Through this research project, it allows me to find some useful data in which allows me to know what to do to retain a staff and also introduce to me the idea of optimizing the organisation and i realise the main concern is how to increase performance of the organization. In this research, staff retention is a key issue to performance success as it will optimize the organization to achieve higher operation, competence and success in return achieving a better or improving the performance of the organisation. In conclusion, there is no two similar organisation which is the same and develop the same solution for staff retention and in optimizing the organisation to achieve the high performance and success, it is usually situational. There is many challengers and pressure from both internal and external environment, and so a constant change is always required to catch up with the changing environment. Organizations should look into how the business can be competitive to other organi sation and should provide a learning experience to the staff and growth as well so as to create a greater staff engagement. When these staff obtain a higher ski , the chances of getting a higher performance is greater and easier. All organisation should be flexible. However the flexibility will depend on the organisations ability to digest the information and be decisive in the decision being made. Lastly, the road to success of the organisation will depend on the people willingness to adapt to the new changes and so it is important for the organisation to know exactly what is the need of their employees need.